A solid literature base exists that indicates that plant host resistance is down-regulated in micro-g and includes studies that describe decreased cell wall rigidity, cell wall thickness, cellulose and matrix polysaccharides, lignin, and altered host-resistance gene pathways in micro-g. An equally solid literature base indicates that microbial virulence may be up-regulated in microgravity and includes up-regulation of virulence in microbe/microbe, microbe/insect, and pathogen/plant interactions.

However, no data exists on the interactions of a foliar phytopathogen on a plant host with concomitant host-resistance transcriptomics data. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) for the International Space Station (ISS)-flight experiment is: Microgravity Can Down-Regulate Host Resistance and thus May Up-Regulate Plant Disease Development in Space. Results will fill key knowledge gaps into how plant diseases and host resistance are affected by micro-g.

Proposed here is a novel flight experiment that will study the development of a foliar plant pathogen (i.e., phytopathogen) on the well-studied, Arabidopsis thaliana (At) host. The phytopathogen – Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Gc), a powdery mildew fungus - on A. thaliana is a well-studied pathosystem. The Gc/At pathosystem is chosen here because (i) both Gc and At are sequenced and annotated, (ii) extensive literature is available on host-resistance in At, (iii) diverse At cultivars with differential expression of easily measured host resistance mechanisms are available, (iv) most stages of the Gc life-cycle are on external surfaces of leaves and can be easily observed, (v) the expected ease of sanitizing flight hardware, and (vi) maximized crew safety on the ISS because Gc has no established interaction with humans.

We will use the Multi-Use Variable-Gravity Platform (MVP) facilities built by Techshot, Inc. (2 units are in orbit on the ISS) to investigate the development of Gc on leaves of At. [Ed. Note: Techshot, Inc. was acquired by Redwire Corporation in November, 2021.] Each MVP has two independently controlled centrifuge rotors fitted with up to 4 Phytofuge plant-growth modules that will be rotated at 1g or left stationary in micro-g. Each Phytofuge unit has three separate petri dishes with light-emitting diode (LED) illumination and an internal camera.

Seed of three cultivars of At will be (1) sown onto growth media in independent petri dishes, (2) held dormant for up to 30 days, and (3) once in orbit, one-half of the petri dishes will be inoculated with the powdery mildew phytopathogen Gc. The aerial mycelia, conidiophores, and spores of Gc will be allowed to develop for 5-7 days and then leaves harvested for two separate research pipelines. First, half of the healthy and half of the infected At plants will be fixed in glutaraldehyde and stored at 4C until processed on the ground for fluorescent staining, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies into the process of host infection. Second, the remaining healthy and infected plants will be frozen at -80C and later processed for transcriptomics of host-resistance genes.

Results will inform future horticulturists, space engineers, and technologists of the risks of maintaining plant-host resistance in space when challenged by an airborne phytopathogen. The results will also assist in the design of future plant-growth modules for crewed missions to the Moon and Mars.

The hypothesis being tested here is: Microgravity can down-regulate plant host resistance, and thus, may up-regulate plant disease development in space.

The primary benefit to Earth-based agriculture will be to identify how disease resistance mechanisms operate under the unusual conditions of microgravity. Results may identify how to improve disease resistance in field crops on Earth.

1) Viable cultures of the plant pathogen, Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Gc), were obtained from colleagues at the University of Maryland. Cultures of Gc are being maintained on several squash cultivars on agar. 2) The production methods for Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and squash plants were developed in 2022. Plants are grown under white light-emitting diode (LED) arrays, at 22 C, and a 12:12 day/night cycle. However, plant growth has not yet been fully optimized for agar-based media proposed for the space experiment. 3) We have also been working on the protocol to apply spores of Gc to the host plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Applications of spores of Gc to At leaves do not always yield uniformly infected leaves. It is unknown whether this is an environmental issue, a spore-application issue, or a host-resistance issue in the various assays. However, new assays in late 2022 will evaluate the infection process for the Gc/At pathosystem. 5) Fluorescent stains, scanning electron microscopy, and the study of gene expression in the plants will be used during the flight experiment to evaluate if host resistance has been altered by microgravity. These protocols are now being studied for their utility in the ground and flight research.

A solid literature base exists that indicates that plant host resistance is down-regulated in micro-g and includes studies that describe decreased cell wall rigidity, cell wall thickness, cellulose and matrix polysaccharides, lignin, and altered host-resistance gene pathways in micro-g. An equally solid literature base indicates that microbial virulence may be up-regulated in microgravity and includes up-regulation of virulence in microbe/microbe, microbe/insect, and pathogen/plant interactions.

However, no data exists on the interactions of a foliar phytopathogen on a plant host with concomitant host-resistance transcriptomics data. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) for the International Space Station (ISS)-flight experiment is: Microgravity Can Down-Regulate Host Resistance and thus May Up-Regulate Plant Disease Development in Space. Results will fill key knowledge gaps into how plant diseases and host resistance are affected by micro-g.

Proposed here is a novel flight experiment that will study the development of a foliar plant pathogen (i.e., phytopathogen) on the well-studied, Arabidopsis thaliana (At) host. The phytopathogen – Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Gc), a powdery mildew fungus - on A. thaliana is a well-studied pathosystem. The Gc/At pathosystem is chosen here because (i) both Gc and At are sequenced and annotated, (ii) extensive literature is available on host-resistance in At, (iii) diverse At cultivars with differential expression of easily measured host resistance mechanisms are available, (iv) most stages of the Gc life-cycle are on external surfaces of leaves and can be easily observed, (v) the expected ease of sanitizing flight hardware, and (vi) maximized crew safety on the ISS because Gc has no established interaction with humans.

We will use the Multi-Use Variable-Gravity Platform (MVP) facilities built by Techshot, Inc. (2 units are in orbit on the ISS) to investigate the development of Gc on leaves of At. [Ed. Note: Techshot, Inc. was acquired by Redwire Corporation in November, 2021.] Each MVP has two independently controlled centrifuge rotors fitted with up to 4 Phytofuge plant-growth modules that will be rotated at 1g or left stationary in micro-g. Each Phytofuge unit has three separate petri dishes with light-emitting diode (LED) illumination and an internal camera.

Seed of three cultivars of At will be (1) sown onto growth media in independent petri dishes, (2) held dormant for up to 30 days, and (3) once in orbit, one-half of the petri dishes will be inoculated with the powdery mildew phytopathogen Gc. The aerial mycelia, conidiophores, and spores of Gc will be allowed to develop for 5-7 days and then leaves harvested for two separate research pipelines. First, half of the healthy and half of the infected At plants will be fixed in glutaraldehyde and stored at 4C until processed on the ground for fluorescent staining, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies into the process of host infection. Second, the remaining healthy and infected plants will be frozen at -80C and later processed for transcriptomics of host-resistance genes.

Results will inform future horticulturists, space engineers, and technologists of the risks of maintaining plant-host resistance in space when challenged by an airborne phytopathogen. The results will also assist in the design of future plant-growth modules for crewed missions to the Moon and Mars.