Task Progress:
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Specific Aim 1:
We evaluated 20 cultivars of mustard greens, including 12 mizuna cultivars, under International Space Station/ISS-like conditions to determine which would provide the greatest yield and highest nutrient concentrations. Plants were grown for 31 days, harvested, and flash frozen. Morphological and fresh mass data were collected prior to freezing. This was completed three times over time. Half of the plants were then processed and analyzed to determine concentrations of specific carotenoids, total anthocyanins, and vitamins C, B1, and K1. The other half were processed and analyzed to determine concentrations of calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium. The data were then transformed using a weighting system to determine which cultivar would provide the best phytonutrient, growth, and dimensional profile based on needs and priorities for long-duration space missions. Significant variations among cultivars' appearance – including color and morphology, biomass production, and phytonutrient concentrations – existed. The two cultivars selected for further production optimization studies were Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’. These two cultivars have different phytonutrient profiles and appearance. For example, ‘Green Amara’ has green leaves and a relatively high vitamin B1 concentration, while ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ has red leaves and a relatively high vitamin K1 concentration. Another observation was that mizuna and mibuna tended to have lower vitamin B1 concentrations than other mustard cultivars.
Specific Aim 2:
We grew Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ under four light intensities: 200, 400, 600, or 800 µmol·m-2·s-1; and two photoperiods:16 and 24 hours. For ‘Green Amara’, as light intensity increased under a 16-h photoperiod, fresh mass increased linearly; while under a 24-h photoperiod, the greatest fresh mass was achieved at 600 µmol·m-2·s-1. Carotenoid concentrations decreased with increasing light intensity; photoperiod had no effect. As light increased, vitamin K1 concentration decreased under a 24-h photoperiod, but increased under a 16-h photoperiod. Vitamin B1 concentrations exhibited opposite quadratic responses to light intensity when grown under 16 or 24-h photoperiods. Given the contrasting trends across lighting treatments, we normalized and weighted the mean rankings. ‘Green Amara’ grown under 800 µmol·m-2·s-1 for a 16-h photoperiod had the highest weighted score. However, this data could be further utilized to select for more tailored phytonutrient profiles and/or energy efficiency. We have completed all phytonutrient quantification for ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ and are analyzing data.
Specific Aim 3:
Prior to conducting the Specific Aim 3 experiments, we conducted preliminary feasibility studies to determine how the selected cultivars would respond to traditional “cut-and-come-again” harvesting methods (time based) compared to removing individual leaves (development based). We determined Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ had different responses to harvesting methods, but both may be feasible from a labor perspective. Based on Specific Aim 2 results for both cultivars, we grew ‘Green Amara’ and ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ under 200 or 800 µmol·m-2·s-1 for a 16-h photoperiod harvesting via time or development based methods for 4 or 5 harvests. We have completed plant production and are currently completing phytonutrient quantification.
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