NOTE: End date changed to 01/23/2023 per NSSC information (Ed., 8/25/22)

The long-term goal is to aid in the facilitation of long-term space missions by establishing environmental conditions and cultural factors required for optimal leafy greens growth, nutritional value, space- and energy-use efficiency, and labor by modeling crop physiological and biochemical responses. The overall objective of this proposal is to improve and quantify the consistency, phytonutrient quality, and productivity of cut-and-come-again mizuna by identifying suitable cultivars, determining the optimal light intensity and photoperiod, and quantifying changes over time in ISS-like environmental conditions (temperature of ~23°C, ~2,800 ppm CO2). Specific aim 1 is to identify at least two or three mizuna cultivars with great yield and nutrient potential making them highly suitable for production in space. We hypothesize that some cultivars will produce biomass faster than others while some cultivars will have higher nutrient concentrations. Specific aim 2 is to determine the optimal light intensity and photoperiod for maximum biomass production and phytonutrient density of mizuna, creating models to predict growth and biochemical responses in ISS-like conditions. We hypothesize that yield and phytonutrient concentrations will increase as light intensity increases to a cultivar-specific optimum by increasing photosynthesis, photoreceptor mediated biochemical reactions, and beneficial stress responses. Specific aim 3 is to quantify changes in plant physiology and phytonutrient concentrations over time to identify an optimal cut-and-come-again harvesting and production protocol for mizuna. We hypothesize that as plants age, the nutrient profile and biomass production will change as well. Therefore, new seedlings may have to replace more mature cut-and-come-again plants prior to reductions in yield to maintain nutritional quality for astronaut diets.

By the completion of this study, we expect to have identified at least one high-yielding nutrient-dense mizuna cultivar highly suitable for space production. We will have the data required to calculate resource-use efficiencies to balance energy use, production duration, yield, and nutrition. We also expect to have identified how long cut-and-come-again mizuna should be grown to maximize biomass and nutrient productivity, thus improving the feasibility of long-duration space missions.

We evaluated 20 cultivars of mustard greens, including 12 mizuna cultivars, under ISS-like conditions to determine which would provide the greatest yield and highest nutrient concentrations. Plants were grown for 31 days, harvested, and flash frozen. Morphological and fresh mass data was collected prior to freezing. This was completed three times over time. Half of the plants were then processed and analyzed to determine concentrations of specific carotenoids, total anthocyanins, and vitamins C, B1, and K1. The other half were processed and analyzed to determine concentrations of calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium. The data was then transformed using a weighting system to determine which cultivar would provide the best phytonutrient, growth, and dimensional profile based on needs and priorities for long-duration space missions. Significant variations among cultivars' appearance – including color and morphology, biomass production, and phytonutrient concentrations – existed. The two cultivars selected for further production optimization studies were Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Red Hybrid’. These two cultivars have different phytonutrient profiles and appearance. For example, ‘Green Amara’ has green leaves and a relatively high vitamin B1 concentration, while ‘Red Hybrid’ has red leaves and a relatively high vitamin K1 concentration. Another observation was that mizuna and mibuna tended to have lower vitamin B1 concentrations than other mustard cultivars. This work has been published. [Ed. Note: See Cumulative Bibliography.]

Specific Aim 2:

We grew Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Red Hybrid’ under four light intensities (200, 400, 600, or 800 µmol·m-2·s-1), and two photoperiods (16 and 24 hours). For ‘Green Amara’, as light intensity increased under a 16-h photoperiod, fresh mass increased linearly, while under a 24-h photoperiod, the greatest fresh mass was achieved at 600 µmol·m-2·s-1. Carotenoid concentrations decreased with increasing light intensity; photoperiod had no effect. As light increased, vitamin K1 concentration decreased under a 24-h photoperiod, but increased under a 16-h photoperiod. Vitamin B1 concentrations exhibited opposite quadratic responses to light intensity when grown under 16 or 24-h photoperiods. Given the contrasting trends across lighting treatments, we normalized and weighted the mean rankings. ‘Green Amara’ grown under 800 µmol·m-2·s-1 for a 16-h photoperiod had the highest weighted score. However, this data could be further utilized to select for more tailored phytonutrient profiles and/or energy efficiency. We have completed all phytonutrient quantification for ‘Red Hybrid’ and are analyzing data.

Specific Aim 3:

This study was designed to determine the optimal indicator of harvest readiness (time vs. development) for peak phytonutrient production when plants were grown under “low” 200 µmol·m-2·s-1 or “high” 800 µmol·m-2·s-1 light intensities for over a 16-h photoperiod, and to determine the effect of 5 consecutive harvests on phytonutrient concentrations and biomass yield of Brassica carinata ‘Amara’ greens. During production, after 10 days (temporal que) or 8 leaves produced (developmental que), tissue was harvested. Harvests were repeated cyclically to achieve 5 harvests per plant. However, for the developmental que, only 4 harvests were possible due to stalled growth after the 4th harvest. As harvest number increased from 1 to 2-5, fresh mass per day and phytonutrient production per day tended to increase with minor exceptions. Across harvest ques, plants grown under 800 µmol·m-2·s-1 had greater yield and phytonutrient accumulation per day than those grown under 200 µmol·m-2·s-1. Even though only 4 harvests were possible with the developmental-based que, biomass and phytonutrient accumulation per day was highest when tissue was harvested based on plant development. When taking lighting energy into account, plants grown under 200 µmol·m-2·s-1 were the most efficient, particularly when the developmental harvest que was used. Depending on resource priorities, lighting conditions could be tailored to achieve desired outcomes.

NOTE: End date changed to 01/23/2023 per NSSC information (Ed., 8/25/22)

The long-term goal is to aid in the facilitation of long-term space missions by establishing environmental conditions and cultural factors required for optimal leafy greens growth, nutritional value, space- and energy-use efficiency, and labor by modeling crop physiological and biochemical responses. The overall objective of this proposal is to improve and quantify the consistency, phytonutrient quality, and productivity of cut-and-come-again mizuna by identifying suitable cultivars, determining the optimal light intensity and photoperiod, and quantifying changes over time in ISS-like environmental conditions (temperature of ~23°C, ~2,800 ppm CO2). Specific aim 1 is to identify at least two or three mizuna cultivars with great yield and nutrient potential making them highly suitable for production in space. We hypothesize that some cultivars will produce biomass faster than others while some cultivars will have higher nutrient concentrations. Specific aim 2 is to determine the optimal light intensity and photoperiod for maximum biomass production and phytonutrient density of mizuna, creating models to predict growth and biochemical responses in ISS-like conditions. We hypothesize that yield and phytonutrient concentrations will increase as light intensity increases to a cultivar-specific optimum by increasing photosynthesis, photoreceptor mediated biochemical reactions, and beneficial stress responses. Specific aim 3 is to quantify changes in plant physiology and phytonutrient concentrations over time to identify an optimal cut-and-come-again harvesting and production protocol for mizuna. We hypothesize that as plants age, the nutrient profile and biomass production will change as well. Therefore, new seedlings may have to replace more mature cut-and-come-again plants prior to reductions in yield to maintain nutritional quality for astronaut diets.

By the completion of this study, we expect to have identified at least one high-yielding nutrient-dense mizuna cultivar highly suitable for space production. We will have the data required to calculate resource-use efficiencies to balance energy use, production duration, yield, and nutrition. We also expect to have identified how long cut-and-come-again mizuna should be grown to maximize biomass and nutrient productivity, thus improving the feasibility of long-duration space missions.

We evaluated 20 cultivars of mustard greens, including 12 mizuna cultivars, under International Space Station/ISS-like conditions to determine which would provide the greatest yield and highest nutrient concentrations. Plants were grown for 31 days, harvested, and flash frozen. Morphological and fresh mass data were collected prior to freezing. This was completed three times over time. Half of the plants were then processed and analyzed to determine concentrations of specific carotenoids, total anthocyanins, and vitamins C, B1, and K1. The other half were processed and analyzed to determine concentrations of calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium. The data were then transformed using a weighting system to determine which cultivar would provide the best phytonutrient, growth, and dimensional profile based on needs and priorities for long-duration space missions. Significant variations among cultivars' appearance – including color and morphology, biomass production, and phytonutrient concentrations – existed. The two cultivars selected for further production optimization studies were Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’. These two cultivars have different phytonutrient profiles and appearance. For example, ‘Green Amara’ has green leaves and a relatively high vitamin B1 concentration, while ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ has red leaves and a relatively high vitamin K1 concentration. Another observation was that mizuna and mibuna tended to have lower vitamin B1 concentrations than other mustard cultivars.

Specific Aim 2:

We grew Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ under four light intensities: 200, 400, 600, or 800 µmol·m-2·s-1; and two photoperiods:16 and 24 hours. For ‘Green Amara’, as light intensity increased under a 16-h photoperiod, fresh mass increased linearly; while under a 24-h photoperiod, the greatest fresh mass was achieved at 600 µmol·m-2·s-1. Carotenoid concentrations decreased with increasing light intensity; photoperiod had no effect. As light increased, vitamin K1 concentration decreased under a 24-h photoperiod, but increased under a 16-h photoperiod. Vitamin B1 concentrations exhibited opposite quadratic responses to light intensity when grown under 16 or 24-h photoperiods. Given the contrasting trends across lighting treatments, we normalized and weighted the mean rankings. ‘Green Amara’ grown under 800 µmol·m-2·s-1 for a 16-h photoperiod had the highest weighted score. However, this data could be further utilized to select for more tailored phytonutrient profiles and/or energy efficiency. We have completed all phytonutrient quantification for ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ and are analyzing data.

Specific Aim 3:

Prior to conducting the Specific Aim 3 experiments, we conducted preliminary feasibility studies to determine how the selected cultivars would respond to traditional “cut-and-come-again” harvesting methods (time based) compared to removing individual leaves (development based). We determined Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ had different responses to harvesting methods, but both may be feasible from a labor perspective. Based on Specific Aim 2 results for both cultivars, we grew ‘Green Amara’ and ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ under 200 or 800 µmol·m-2·s-1 for a 16-h photoperiod harvesting via time or development based methods for 4 or 5 harvests. We have completed plant production and are currently completing phytonutrient quantification.

The long-term goal is to aid in the facilitation of long-term space missions by establishing environmental conditions and cultural factors required for optimal leafy greens growth, nutritional value, space- and energy-use efficiency, and labor by modeling crop physiological and biochemical responses. The overall objective of this proposal is to improve and quantify the consistency, phytonutrient quality, and productivity of cut-and-come-again mizuna by identifying suitable cultivars, determining the optimal light intensity and photoperiod, and quantifying changes over time in ISS-like environmental conditions (temperature of ~23°C, ~2,800 ppm CO2). Specific aim 1 is to identify at least two or three mizuna cultivars with great yield and nutrient potential making them highly suitable for production in space. We hypothesize that some cultivars will produce biomass faster than others while some cultivars will have higher nutrient concentrations. Specific aim 2 is to determine the optimal light intensity and photoperiod for maximum biomass production and phytonutrient density of mizuna, creating models to predict growth and biochemical responses in ISS-like conditions. We hypothesize that yield and phytonutrient concentrations will increase as light intensity increases to a cultivar-specific optimum by increasing photosynthesis, photoreceptor mediated biochemical reactions, and beneficial stress responses. Specific aim 3 is to quantify changes in plant physiology and phytonutrient concentrations over time to identify an optimal cut-and-come-again harvesting and production protocol for mizuna. We hypothesize that as plants age, the nutrient profile and biomass production will change as well. Therefore, new seedlings may have to replace more mature cut-and-come-again plants prior to reductions in yield to maintain nutritional quality for astronaut diets.

By the completion of this study, we expect to have identified at least one high-yielding nutrient-dense mizuna cultivar highly suitable for space production. We will have the data required to calculate resource-use efficiencies to balance energy use, production duration, yield, and nutrition. We also expect to have identified how long cut-and-come-again mizuna should be grown to maximize biomass and nutrient productivity, thus improving the feasibility of long-duration space missions.

During the last seven months, we evaluated 20 cultivars of mustard greens, including 12 mizuna cultivars, under International Space Station (ISS)-like conditions to determine which would provide the greatest yield and highest nutrient concentrations. Plants were grown for 31 days, harvested, and flash frozen. Morphological and fresh mass data was collected prior to freezing. This was completed three times over time. Half of the plants were then processed and analyzed to determine concentrations of specific carotenoids, total anthocyanins, and vitamins C, B1, and K. The other half were processed and analyzed to determine concentrations of calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium. The data was then transformed using a weighting system to determine which cultivar would provide the best phytonutrient, growth, and dimensional profile based on needs and priorities for long-duration space missions. Significant variations among cultivars' appearance -- including color and morphology, biomass production, and phytonutrient concentrations -- existed. The two cultivars selected for further production optimization studies were Brassica carinata ‘Green Amara’ and Brassica rapa ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’. These two cultivars have different phytonutrient profiles and appearance. For example, ‘Green Amara’ has green leaves and a relatively high vitamin B1 concentration while ‘Hybrid Red Mizuna’ has red leaves and a relatively high vitamin K concentration. Another observation was that mizuna and mibuna cultivars tended to have lower vitamin B1 concentrations than other mustard cultivars.

The long-term goal is to aid in the facilitation of long-term space missions by establishing environmental conditions and cultural factors required for optimal leafy greens growth, nutritional value, space- and energy-use efficiency, and labor by modeling crop physiological and biochemical responses. The overall objective of this proposal is to improve and quantify the consistency, phytonutrient quality, and productivity of cut-and-come-again mizuna by identifying suitable cultivars, determining the optimal light intensity and photoperiod, and quantifying changes over time in ISS-like environmental conditions (temperature of ~23°C, ~2,800 ppm CO2). Specific aim 1 is to identify at least two or three mizuna cultivars with great yield and nutrient potential making them highly suitable for production in space. We hypothesize that some cultivars will produce biomass faster than others while some cultivars will have higher nutrient concentrations. Specific aim 2 is to determine the optimal light intensity and photoperiod for maximum biomass production and phytonutrient density of mizuna, creating models to predict growth and biochemical responses in ISS-like conditions. We hypothesize that yield and phytonutrient concentrations will increase as light intensity increases to a cultivar-specific optimum by increasing photosynthesis, photoreceptor mediated biochemical reactions, and beneficial stress responses. Specific aim 3 is to quantify changes in plant physiology and phytonutrient concentrations over time to identify an optimal cut-and-come-again harvesting and production protocol for mizuna. We hypothesize that as plants age, the nutrient profile and biomass production will change as well. Therefore, new seedlings may have to replace more mature cut-and-come-again plants prior to reductions in yield to maintain nutritional quality for astronaut diets.

By the completion of this study, we expect to have identified at least one high-yielding nutrient-dense mizuna cultivar highly suitable for space production. We will have the data required to calculate resource-use efficiencies to balance energy use, production duration, yield, and nutrition. We also expect to have identified how long cut-and-come-again mizuna should be grown to maximize biomass and nutrient productivity, thus improving the feasibility of long-duration space missions.