NOTE: End date changed to 09/22/2023 per A. Beitman/HFBP (Ed., 2/6/23)

NOTE: End date changed to 03/22/2023 per A. Beitman/HFBP (Ed., 2/21/22)

NOTE: End date changed to 3/22/2022 per NSSC information (Ed., 3/9/21)

NOTE: End date changed to 3/12/2021 per L. Juliette/HRP (Ed., 2/19/2020)

NOTE: Change in period of performance and grant number per J. Garrett/JSC HRP (previous 10/1/2016-9/30/2019, grant NNX16AM17G)--Ed., 7/5/18

Work conducted by Maynard and colleagues (2015), supplemented by the team resilience work of Alliger et al. (2015) – all members of our research team – provides a “road map” for the proposed research. We plan to examine the impact of different environmental triggers on team adaptation, incorporating an event taxonomy and categorization schema with which to assess experiences and trigger events. This will allow us to index the types of challenges that LDEM crews will confront. We will test a series of related hypotheses using archival data we collected in prior research in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) habitat.

We will then examine antecedents and outcomes of adaptation, gathering data in two analog environments. Finally, based on the theoretical and preliminary empirical work, we will develop a team countermeasure designed to promote constructive team adaptation and team resilience, and test those countermeasures in an analog environment.

References

Alliger, G.M., Cerasoli, C.P., Tannenbaum, S.I., & Vessey, W.B. (2015). Team resilience: How teams flourish under pressure. Organizational Dynamics, 44, 176-184.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., & Sommer, S. A. (2015). Team adaptation: A fifteen-year synthesis (1998–2013) and framework for how this literature needs to “adapt” going forward. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 652-677.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., Sommer, S. A., & Passos, A. M. (2015). Team Cohesion: A theoretical consideration of its reciprocal relationships within the team adaptation nomological network. In: E. Salas, Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 17, 83-111.

Our analysis clarified the nature of challenges in Isolated, Confined, and Extreme (ICE) environments. Specifically, across the three settings, challenges appear to fall into four primary categories: • Personal Needs: Physical, boredom, family-home, food-individual, internet-personal • Living Environment: Noise-sleep, space, heat-humidity, scheduling, food-collective • Interpersonal: e.g., between crew members • Taskwork: Work, task scheduling, internet work

A close examination of the HERA campaigns 5 and 6 crews’ data suggests that challenges occur throughout the mission, but different types of challenges are more predominant at different mission phases.

Across the three settings, we identified 19 types of responses or adaptations to challenges. These fell into seven categories including a No Action category (i.e., doing nothing either intentionally or by giving up). Adapting Strategies (e.g., troubleshooting, adjusted work process, lessons learned) and Adapting Actions (e.g., adjusted effort, physical change, changed roles) were the two most deployed response categories, but the pattern of responses differed across analogs. The differences that were exhibited made sense, because the types of challenges experienced, and the nature of the mission varied across the three analogs. Crews adapted less effectively to more disruptive challenges, particularly Task-related ones. They reported handling recurring (more frequently occurring) Task and Interpersonal challenges less effectively, perhaps an indication of frustration with being unable to resolve them satisfactorily when they initially emerged. This highlights the importance of dealing with challenges, and in particular interpersonal challenges, when they arise, rather than allowing them to fester or drain a team’s adaptability.

A key focus of this research was to test whether it is possible to “inoculate” crews against future challenges so they can navigate them more effectively. We designed a countermeasure where crew members discussed potential challenges and agreed on how to handle them if they arise during their mission. HERA 6 crews completed the countermeasure near the beginning of their mission, while HERA 5 crews did not.

In HERA 6, crews completed the countermeasure during their first week in the habitat, discussing how they intend to handle potential challenges that might emerge during the mission. Their scenarios addressed challenges related to sleep, workload, boredom, meals, living space, and courtesy/respect and asked them to create agreements about how to handle them. At the halfway point in the mission, two crews received a “nudge” to review their agreements.

We found that crews that participated in this structured adaptation inoculation exercise were less adversely impacted by challenges that emerged over the course of a mission. In sum, this short (one-hour), simple (no “training” needed), team-led countermeasure showed meaningful results across a six-week mission. Participants believed that future space crews would benefit from this type of exercise. In general, crews reported that they handled challenges more effectively when the adaptation processes they deployed aligned with the nature of the challenge, but other adaptation processes worked at times as well.

The countermeasure was designed to ensure team psychological safety. For each scenario, crew members were first encouraged to describe their own related experiences in prior teams, and then to discuss what they would do if this type of scenario emerged during their mission. Discussing other team experiences and a hypothetical problem is far less threatening (more psychologically safe) than working through a “real” challenge that pops up during a mission (e.g., a crew member is keeping others up at night). It appears that discussing “what-if” scenarios in a psychologically safe manner can make it easier to work through real challenges later.

The countermeasure was also intended to promote crew autonomy. This was a team-led exercise, with the team “owning” the process and creating their own agreements. As such, it is the type of exercise that sets the stage for subsequent self-management and autonomy, which will be particularly important in future long-duration exploration missions.

NOTE: End date changed to 03/22/2023 per A. Beitman/HFBP (Ed., 2/21/22)

NOTE: End date changed to 3/22/2022 per NSSC information (Ed., 3/9/21)

NOTE: End date changed to 3/12/2021 per L. Juliette/HRP (Ed., 2/19/2020)

NOTE: Change in period of performance and grant number per J. Garrett/JSC HRP (previous 10/1/2016-9/30/2019, grant NNX16AM17G)--Ed., 7/5/18

Work conducted by Maynard and colleagues (2015), supplemented by the team resilience work of Alliger et al. (2015) – all members of our research team – provides a “road map” for the proposed research. We plan to examine the impact of different environmental triggers on team adaptation, incorporating an event taxonomy and categorization schema with which to assess experiences and trigger events. This will allow us to index the types of challenges that LDEM crews will confront. We will test a series of related hypotheses using archival data we collected in prior research in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) habitat.

We will then examine antecedents and outcomes of adaptation, gathering data in two analog environments. Finally, based on the theoretical and preliminary empirical work, we will develop a team countermeasure designed to promote constructive team adaptation and team resilience, and test those countermeasures in an analog environment.

References

Alliger, G.M., Cerasoli, C.P., Tannenbaum, S.I., & Vessey, W.B. (2015). Team resilience: How teams flourish under pressure. Organizational Dynamics, 44, 176-184.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., & Sommer, S. A. (2015). Team adaptation: A fifteen-year synthesis (1998–2013) and framework for how this literature needs to “adapt” going forward. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 652-677.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., Sommer, S. A., & Passos, A. M. (2015). Team Cohesion: A theoretical consideration of its reciprocal relationships within the team adaptation nomological network. In: E. Salas, Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 17, 83-111.

We drafted a countermeasure for use with SAT dive teams and a version of that countermeasure for use in HERA 6. We are testing the countermeasure with HERA 6 crews.

During the latest period of performance, we updated coding of daily data gathered from Saturation Dive teams over a series of 28-day missions. We analyzed quantitative data from four HERA C5 (Campaign 5) crews and continued a content analysis of qualitative responses from both HERA C5 and the Dive teams. We refined an adaption/inoculation countermeasure for potential use with Dive teams and HERA C6 crews and administered it with the C6M1, C6M2, and C6M3 HERA crews.

NOTE: End date changed to 3/22/2022 per NSSC information (Ed., 3/9/21)

NOTE: End date changed to 3/12/2021 per L. Juliette/HRP (Ed., 2/19/2020)

NOTE: Change in period of performance and grant number per J. Garrett/JSC HRP (previous 10/1/2016-9/30/2019, grant NNX16AM17G)--Ed., 7/5/18

Work conducted by Maynard and colleagues (2015), supplemented by the team resilience work of Alliger et al. (2015) – all members of our research team – provides a “road map” for the proposed research. We plan to examine the impact of different environmental triggers on team adaptation, incorporating an event taxonomy and categorization schema with which to assess experiences and trigger events. This will allow us to index the types of challenges that LDEM crews will confront. We will test a series of related hypotheses using archival data we collected in prior research in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) habitat.

We will then examine antecedents and outcomes of adaptation, gathering data in two analog environments. Finally, based on the theoretical and preliminary empirical work, we will develop a team countermeasure designed to promote constructive team adaptation and team resilience, and test those countermeasures in an analog environment.

References

Alliger, G.M., Cerasoli, C.P., Tannenbaum, S.I., & Vessey, W.B. (2015). Team resilience: How teams flourish under pressure. Organizational Dynamics, 44, 176-184.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., & Sommer, S. A. (2015). Team adaptation: A fifteen-year synthesis (1998–2013) and framework for how this literature needs to “adapt” going forward. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 652-677.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., Sommer, S. A., & Passos, A. M. (2015). Team Cohesion: A theoretical consideration of its reciprocal relationships within the team adaptation nomological network. In: E. Salas, Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 17, 83-111.

We analyzed weekly data from a HI-SEAS crew over an 8-month long mission. We also collected daily data from 20 SAT dive teams during their 28-day undersea missions that described 460 unique team and taskwork related challenges and related adjustments. We content analyzed the data and had 750 unique events for the response focus (e.g., individual, dyad, collective, full team in chamber, external team) and the response action (e.g., troubleshooting, changed roles/positions, discussed interpersonal relationships, sought/received assistance from others). We collected data in the HERA C5 mission and are conducting the same content analysis of the 445 responses for 313 events.

We drafted a countermeasure for use with SAT dive teams and a version of that countermeasure for use in HERA 6. We will implement these studies when HERA 6 begins in September 2021.

In addition, we have begun analyzing archival data we previously collected during the HERA 1 mission, commenced coding the data collected in the HI-SEAS and SAT dive team studies, and have developed promising countermeasures that will be used in the HERA C6 missions.

NOTE: End date changed to 3/12/2021 per L. Juliette/HRP (Ed., 2/19/2020)

NOTE: Change in period of performance and grant number per J. Garrett/JSC HRP (previous 10/1/2016-9/30/2019, grant NNX16AM17G)--Ed., 7/5/18

Work conducted by Maynard and colleagues (2015), supplemented by the team resilience work of Alliger et al. (in press) – all members of our research team – provides a “road map” for the proposed research. We plan to examine the impact of different environmental triggers on team adaptation, incorporating an event taxonomy and categorization schema with which to assess experiences and trigger events. This will allow us to index the types of challenges that LDEM crews will confront. We will test a series of related hypotheses using archival data we collected in prior research in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) habitat.

We will then examine antecedents and outcomes of adaptation, gathering data in two analog environments. Finally, based on the theoretical and preliminary empirical work, we will develop a team countermeasure designed to promote constructive team adaptation and team resilience, and test those countermeasures in an analog environment.

References

Maynard, MT, Kennedy, DM, & Sommer, SA. (2015). Team adaptation: A fifteen-year synthesis (1998–2013) and framework for how this literature needs to “adapt” going forward. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 652-677.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., Sommer, S. A., & Passos, A. M. (2015). Team Cohesion: A theoretical consideration of its reciprocal relationships within the team adaptation nomological network. In: E. Salas, Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 17, 83-111.

We gathered weekly data from a HI-SEAS crew over an 8-month long mission. We also collected daily data from 13 SAT dive teams during their 28-day undersea missions that described 460 challenges and related adjustments. We collected data in the HERA C5 mission.

We drafted a countermeasure for use with SAT dive teams and a version of that countermeasure for use in HERA 6. We are currently on hold in implementing those studies due to COVID-19.

In addition, we have begun analyzing archival data we previously collected during the HERA 1 mission, commenced coding the data collected in the HI-SEAS and SAT dive team studies, and have developed promising countermeasures that will be used in the HERA C6 missions.

NOTE: Change in period of performance and grant number per J. Garrett/JSC HRP (previous 10/1/2016-9/30/2019, grant NNX16AM17G)--Ed., 7/5/18

Work conducted by Maynard and colleagues (2015), supplemented by the team resilience work of Alliger et al. (in press) – all members of our research team – provides a “road map” for the proposed research. We plan to examine the impact of different environmental triggers on team adaptation, incorporating an event taxonomy and categorization schema with which to assess experiences and trigger events. This will allow us to index the types of challenges that LDEM crews will confront. We will test a series of related hypotheses using archival data we collected in prior research in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) habitat.

We will then examine antecedents and outcomes of adaptation, gathering data in two analog environments. Finally, based on the theoretical and preliminary empirical work, we will develop a team countermeasure designed to promote constructive team adaptation and team resilience, and test those countermeasures in an analog environment.

References

Maynard, MT, Kennedy, DM, & Sommer, SA. (2015). Team adaptation: A fifteen-year synthesis (1998–2013) and framework for how this literature needs to “adapt” going forward. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 652-677.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., Sommer, S. A., & Passos, A. M. (2015). Team Cohesion: A theoretical consideration of its reciprocal relationships within the team adaptation nomological network. In: E. Salas, Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 17, 83-111.

We collected daily data from an additional 7 SAT dive teams (for a total of 20 teams, with 54 divers from 3 organizations) during their 28-day undersea missions. We participated in the HERA C5 mission, gathering data from several crews and submitted our research for Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for the HERA C6 mission. We drafted a potential countermeasure that involves minimal obtrusiveness and received positive feedback from the diving SMEs (subject matter experts). We are working to gain approval for use of the countermeasure with the SAT dive organizations. We also plan to use a contextualized version of the countermeasure during HERA 6.

In addition, we are working on the correlational analyses of archival data we previously collected during the HERA 1 mission, and continuing to advance data coding process/schema for the Hawai'i Space Exploration Analog and Simulation (HI-SEAS) and SAT dive team studies.

Work conducted by Maynard and colleagues (2015), supplemented by the team resilience work of Alliger et al. (in press) – all members of our research team – provides a “road map” for the proposed research. We plan to examine the impact of different environmental triggers on team adaptation, incorporating an event taxonomy and categorization schema with which to assess experiences and trigger events. This will allow us to index the types of challenges that LDEM crews will confront. We will test a series of related hypotheses using archival data we collected in prior research in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) habitat.

We will then examine antecedents and outcomes of adaptation, gathering data in two analog environments. Finally, based on the theoretical and preliminary empirical work, we will develop a team countermeasure designed to promote constructive team adaptation and team resilience, and test those countermeasures in an analog environment.

References

Maynard, MT, Kennedy, DM, & Sommer, SA. (2015). Team adaptation: A fifteen-year synthesis (1998–2013) and framework for how this literature needs to “adapt” going forward. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 652-677.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., Sommer, S. A., & Passos, A. M. (2015). Team Cohesion: A theoretical consideration of its reciprocal relationships within the team adaptation nomological network. In: E. Salas, Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 17, 83-111.

We gathered weekly data from a HI-SEAS crew over an 8-month long mission. We also collected daily data from 13 SAT dive teams during their 28-day undersea missions. We have received IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval to participate in the HERA C5 mission in early 2019.

In addition, we have begun analyzing archival data we previously collected during the HERA 1 mission, commenced coding the data collected in the HI-SEAS and SAT dive team studies, and started initial work on identifying promising countermeasures.

Work conducted by Maynard and colleagues (2015), supplemented by the team resilience work of Alliger et al. (in press) – all members of our research team – provides a “road map” for the proposed research. We will first examine the impact of different environmental triggers on team adaptation, incorporating an event taxonomy and categorization schema with which to assess experiences and trigger events. This will allow us to index the types of challenges that LDEM crews will confront. We will test a series of related hypotheses using archival data we collected in prior research in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) habitat.

We will then examine antecedents and outcomes of adaptation, gathering data in two analog environments. Finally, based on the theoretical and preliminary empirical work, we will develop team countermeasures designed to promote constructive team adaptation and team resilience, and during Years 2 and 3, test those countermeasures in analog environments.

One of our test environments will be a field setting that involves teams that work in ICE conditions in the oil and gas industry. The second test environment will be a NASA analog, such as NEEMO (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations) or HERA, which will provide the opportunity to test the usability of the countermeasures.

References

Maynard, MT, Kennedy, DM, & Sommer, SA. (2015). Team adaptation: A fifteen-year synthesis (1998–2013) and framework for how this literature needs to “adapt” going forward. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 652-677.

Maynard, M. T., Kennedy, D. M., Sommer, S. A., & Passos, A. M. (2015). Team Cohesion: A theoretical consideration of its reciprocal relationships within the team adaptation nomological network. In E. Salas, Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 17, 83-111.