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Project Title:  Venous Congestion Countermeasure Study Reduce
Images: icon  Fiscal Year: FY 2021 
Division: Human Research 
Research Discipline/Element:
HRP HHC:Human Health Countermeasures
Start Date: 02/17/2020  
End Date: 12/05/2020  
Task Last Updated: 03/05/2021 
Download report in PDF pdf
Principal Investigator/Affiliation:   Marshall-Goebel, Karina  Ph.D. / NASA Johnson Space Center 
Address:  Mail Code SK111 
2101 NASA Parkway 
Houston , TX 77058 
Email: Karina.j.marshallgoebel@nasa.gov  
Phone: 281-792-9996  
Congressional District: 36 
Web:  
Organization Type: NASA CENTER 
Organization Name: NASA Johnson Space Center 
Joint Agency:  
Comments: New affiliation as of spring 2022: NASA Johnson Space Center; Human Physiology, Performance, Protection & Operations (H-3PO) Laboratory New affiliation as of fall 2018: KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory, Houston; previously at Massachusetts General Hospital 
Co-Investigator(s)
Affiliation: 
Laurie, Steven  Ph.D. KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center 
Lee, Stuart  Ph.D. KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center 
Macias, Brandon  Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center 
Ebert, Doug  Ph.D. KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center 
Kramer, Larry  M.D. University of Texas Health Science Center of Houston 
Levine, Benjamin  M.D. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 
Hargens, Alan  Ph.D. University of California San Diego 
Petersen, Lonnie  M.D., Ph.D. University of California San Diego 
Petersen, Casper  M.D. University of California San Diego 
Young, Millenia  Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center  
Project Information: Grant/Contract No. Directed Research 
Responsible Center: NASA JSC 
Grant Monitor: Stenger, Michael  
Center Contact: 281-483-1311 
michael.b.stenger@nasa.gov 
Unique ID: 13941 
Solicitation / Funding Source: Directed Research 
Grant/Contract No.: Directed Research 
Project Type: GROUND 
Flight Program:  
TechPort: No 
No. of Post Docs:
No. of PhD Candidates:
No. of Master's Candidates:
No. of Bachelor's Candidates:
No. of PhD Degrees:
No. of Master's Degrees:
No. of Bachelor's Degrees:
Human Research Program Elements: (1) HHC:Human Health Countermeasures
Human Research Program Risks: (1) SANS:Risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS)
Human Research Program Gaps: (1) SANS-301:Develop and test mechanical countermeasures in the laboratory.
Flight Assignment/Project Notes: NOTE: End date changed to 12/5/2020 (from 9/30/2020) per PI (Ed., 7/17/20)

Task Description: NOTE: Continuation of "Venous Congestion Countermeasure Study--PI Stenger" with new Principal Investigator Dr. Karina Marshall-Goebel, beginning February 17, 2020.

The chronic headward fluid shift induced by weightlessness is hypothesized to be the instigating factor for the development of ocular structural and functional changes that develop during long-duration spaceflight. Efforts to determine a possible countermeasure (CM) in ground-based studies have focused on reversing the headward fluid shift using a variety of mechanical approaches, including lower body negative pressure (LBNP), veno-constrictive thigh cuffs (VTC), and reducing intrathoracic pressure during inspiration using an impedance threshold device (ITD). However, a final CM has not been implemented during spaceflight, in part because it is unknown which single or combination of CMs will be most efficacious at reversing the headward fluid shift. Measurements of internal jugular vein cross sectional area and pressure (IJVA and IJVP, respectively) collected on Earth in subjects in the 15° head-down tilt (HDT) position indicate that LBNP, VTC, or ITD partially reverse the headward fluid shift to values similar to the supine position, but no single CM successfully reversed the headward fluid shift during HDT to levels observed during upright posture. Moreover, it is critical to determine how best to provide sustained relief of the headward fluid shift. The purpose of this project is to determine if individual CMs or a combination of CMs can effectively reduce the headward fluid shift induced by supine posture and to determine the effectiveness of prolonged use of a CM during sleep.

Specific Aims:

1. Determine if a single or combination of mechanical countermeasures, including LBNP, VTC, and breathing through an ITD, will acutely reverse a seated-to-supine posture headward fluid shift and sustain it for up to 45 min. Outcomes will include noninvasive measures of ICP, IJVA, IJVP, choroid thickness, and intraocular pressure.

2. Determine if the most effective CM(s) to reverse vascular outcomes in SA#1 also reverses the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) shift by quantifying intraventricular volumes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

3. Determine if up to 8 hours of daily LBNP during sleep can prevent the headward fluid shift-induced changes during 3 days of head-down tilt bedrest.

Research Methods:

Direct intracranial pressure (ICP) measured during parabolic flight [Lawley et al., J Physiol, 595:2115-27, 2017] and preliminary noninvasive measures of ICP collected during long-duration spaceflight (Fluid Shifts Study) suggest ICP during weightlessness is similar to or below the supine position in a 1g environment; IJVA and IJVP measured during spaceflight are also similar to values measured in the supine posture on Earth. These data suggest use of the supine posture on Earth is a more appropriate posture for CM evaluation so as to not confound their effectiveness due to the hydrostatic column which still exists in ground-based studies.

To accomplish Aim #1 we will evaluate the effectiveness of candidate CMs to reverse the headward fluid shift imposed by moving from the seated to the supine posture. Ten subjects will participate in 3 visits to the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory. Each day subjects will be studied in the seated and supine position (baseline) and in the supine position during and after the application of each CM separately (Day 1: LBNP, VTC, ITD, randomized order) or CM combinations (Days 2 and 3: LBNP+VTC, LBNP+ITD, VTC+ITD, and LBNP+ITD+VTC). Each data collection phase begins with 5 minutes of stabilization, followed by ocular and vascular ultrasound imaging, IJVP, noninvasive ICP measurements, bilateral IOP (intraocular pressure) measurement, and OCT imaging. All measurements are repeated during each phase.

After application of single CMs, measurements will continue during the 45-min post-CM phase. For combination CMs, the primary CM (LBNP or ITD) is applied for 45 min followed by the secondary CM (VTC, ITD, or VTC+ITD). This will allow us to determine if sequestering fluid in the lower body using an “active” CM, like LBNP, can be maintained using more “passive” methods, such as VTC or ITD. Operationally these “passive” CMs have the advantage of allowing crewmembers to move freely throughout the vehicle and perform other tasks without being restrained by a CM device. Thus, we will determine how best to sustain the effects of the acute application of CMs.

To accomplish Aim 2, co-investigators from the University of California San Diego and UT (University of Texas) Health Science Center in Houston will use MRI to determine the impact of countermeasures employed in Aim 1 have on cerebral spinal fluid volume and flow. Subjects will complete testing in the supine position with and without CMs, and total CSF volume and flow will be quantified.

To accomplish Aim 3, co-investigators at UT Southwestern will develop an LBNP device that can be worn for 8 hours during sleep and test this CM throughout a 3-day bedrest study. Preliminary data demonstrate that 3 days of HDT (without raising the head on a pillow which immediately lowers ICP) leads to thickening of the choroid. Acute application of 20 mmHg LBNP lowers ICP values towards the upright posture, and daily use of 20 mmHg LBNP for 8 hours while awake prevents the choroidal expansion. Outcome variables for this aim will include choroidal volume, hemodynamic monitoring during sleep, systemic and cerebral hemodynamics using comprehensive ultrasound and transcranial Doppler, non-invasive cardiac output, and blood and plasma volume.

Rationale for HRP Directed Research: Insufficient time for solicitation to meet accelerated schedule of work to understand etiology and develop targeted countermeasures for Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome.

Research Impact/Earth Benefits:

Task Progress & Bibliography Information FY2021 
Task Progress: Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is hypothesized to be caused by a weightlessness-induced headward fluid shift in the vascular and cerebrospinal fluid systems. The venous congestion countermeasure study was a three part, multi-site study with the overarching goal of assessing mechanical fluid shift countermeasures in ground based analog settings.

Part I of the study, conducted at the NASA Johnson Space Center Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory, tested 3 mechanical countermeasures (lower body negative pressure [LBNP], veno-constrictive thigh cuffs [VTC], and impedance threshold device [ITD] resistive inspiratory breathing), individually and in combination, to reduce a posture-induced headward fluid shift that is similar in magnitude to the headward fluid shift that occurs during spaceflight. We also aimed to determine if sustaining one or more of the passive, compact countermeasures (VTC and/or ITD) after use of combined countermeasures with LBNP would maintain the footward fluid shift. Ten healthy subjects participated in this cross-over design study; testing occurred on 3 separate days within a 3 week period. On each day, cardiovascular, ocular, and noninvasive ICP measurements were taken in the seated and supine positions (baseline) and in the supine position during countermeasure application and recovery phase. On day 1, subjects were tested during individual countermeasure application (LBNP, VTC, and ITD; randomized order) and after cessation of the countermeasure to determine the recovery of physiological variables. On days 2 and 3, subjects underwent four combined countermeasure conditions (LBNP+VTC, LBNP+ITD, ITD+VTC, and LBNP+ITD+VTC), with two combined countermeasure conditions on each day in a randomized order. After each combined countermeasure data collection, one or more of the passive countermeasures (VTC and/or ITD) were maintained, and another set of measurements were taken.

Part II of the study, conducted at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, tested the effects of LBNP (the most effective countermeasure as determined by Part I) on intracranial volumetrics, brain perfusion, as well as blood and CSF flow dynamics using quantitative MRI. Nine healthy subjects participated in this study; subjects underwent MRI measures in the supine posture (baseline) and in the supine posture with low-level LBNP in a randomized order. Total imaging time for each subject was approximately 2 hours.

Part III of the study, conducted at University of Texas Southwestern Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine and Zale Lipshy University Hospital, tested 8 hour nightly use of LBNP during bedrest. Ten healthy subjects participated in the randomized cross-over design study of 3-day supine bedrest, with and without nightly 8 hours of LBNP (randomized order). Subjects underwent baseline measures in the seated and supine postures, and thereafter measures were repeated each day of the bedrest study at 8 AM and 8 PM. During the LBNP portion of the study, subjects were placed in a next generation prototype airtight sleeping bag, sealed at the iliac crest, from 10 PM to 6 AM. The chamber was designed such that participants could lie on their back, side, or front. Throughout the entire bed rest protocol, participants were monitored to ensure strict adherence to bedrest.

Data analysis is complete for all parts of the study.

Bibliography: Description: (Last Updated: 10/29/2023) 

Show Cumulative Bibliography
 
Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings Kramer L, Hasan K, Macias B, Goebel-Marshall K, Laurie S, Gabr R, Hirzallah M, Kamali A, Petersen C, Chaudhary L, Petersen L, Hargens A. "Venous Congestion Countermeasure Study: Quantitative MRI Results with LBNP." Oral presentation at the 2021 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Virtual, February 1-4, 2021.

Abstracts. 2021 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Virtual, February 1-4, 2021. , Feb-2021

Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings Dias K, Hearon C Jr, Babu G, MacNamara J, Marshall J, Leidner J, Silva E, Campain J, Peters K, Levine B. "Lower Body Negative Pressure during Sleep Safely Attenuates Choroid Engorgement Associated with Simulated Microgravity." Oral presentation at the 2021 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Virtual, February 1-4, 2021.

Abstracts. 2021 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Virtual, February 1-4, 2021. , Feb-2021

Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings Dias K, Hearon C Jr, MacNamara J, Marshall J, Leidner J, Peters K, Babu G, Levine B. "Can Nightly Prolonged Lower Body Negative Pressure Preserve Plasma Volume during Simulated Microgravity?" Poster presentation at the 2021 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Virtual, February 1-4, 2021.

Abstracts. 2021 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Virtual, February 1-4, 2021. , Feb-2021

Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings Dias K, Hearon C Jr, Babu G, Marshall J, MacNamara J, Leidner J, Gillespie M, Peters K, Levine B. "Nightly Lower Body Negative Pressure Redistributes Blood Volume and Prevents Maladaptive Vascular Remodeling Induced by Microgravity." Poster presentation at American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Virtual, November 17, 2020.

American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Virtual, November 17, 2020. , Nov-2020

Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings Marshall-Goebel K, Dias K, Ebert D, Greenwald S, Hargens A, Kramer L, Laurie S, Lee S, Levine B, Macias B, Martin D, Petersen C, Petersen L, Stenger M. "Venous Congestion Countermeasure Study." Oral presentation at the 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX, January 27-30, 2020.

Abstracts. 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX, January 27-30, 2020. , Jan-2020

Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings Dias K, Hearon C Jr, MacNamara J, Marshall J, Leidner J, Peters K, Babu G, Levine B. "Can Nightly Prolonged Lower Body Negative Pressure Preserve Plasma Volume during Simulated Microgravity?" Poster presentation at the 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX, January 27-30, 2020.

Abstracts. 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX, January 27-30, 2020. , Jan-2020

Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings Babu G, Dias K, Hearon C Jr, MacNamara J, Marshall J, Leidner J, Peters K, Levine B. "Lower Body Negative Pressure during Sleep Safely Attenuates Choroid Engorgement Associated with Simulated Microgravity." Oral presentation at 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX, January 27-30, 2020.

Abstracts. 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX, January 27-30, 2020. , Jan-2020

Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings Ebert D, Kemp D, Danielson R, Marshall-Goebel K, Macias B, Stenger M. "Use of Otoacoustic Emissions to Evaluate Countermeasures for Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome." Poster presentation at the 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX, January 27-30, 2020.

Abstracts. 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX, January 27-30, 2020. , Jan-2020

Articles in Peer-reviewed Journals Kramer LA, Hasan KM, Gabr RE, Macias BR, Marshall-Goebel K, Laurie SS, Hargens AR. "Cerebrovascular effects of lower body negative pressure at 3T MRI: Implications for long-duration space travel." J Magn Reson Imaging. 2022 Feb 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.28102 ; PMID: 35119781 , Feb-2022
Articles in Peer-reviewed Journals Marshall-Goebel K, Macias BR, Laurie SS, Lee SMC, Ebert DJ, Kemp DT, Miller AE, Greenwald SH, Martin DS, Young M, Hargens AR, Levine BD, Stenger MB. "Mechanical countermeasures to headward fluid shifts." J Appl Physiol. 2021 Jun 13;130(6):1766-77. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00863.2020 , Jun-2021
Articles in Peer-reviewed Journals Hearon CM Jr, Peters K, Dias KA, Macnamara JP, Marshall JET, Campain J, Martin D, Marshall-Goebel K, Levine BD. "Assessment of venous pressure by compression sonography of the internal jugular vein during 3 days of bed rest." Exp Physiol. 2023 Oct 12. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091372 ; PMID: 37824038 , Oct-2023
Project Title:  Venous Congestion Countermeasure Study Reduce
Images: icon  Fiscal Year: FY 2020 
Division: Human Research 
Research Discipline/Element:
HRP HHC:Human Health Countermeasures
Start Date: 02/17/2020  
End Date: 12/05/2020  
Task Last Updated: 07/14/2020 
Download report in PDF pdf
Principal Investigator/Affiliation:   Marshall-Goebel, Karina  Ph.D. / NASA Johnson Space Center 
Address:  Mail Code SK111 
2101 NASA Parkway 
Houston , TX 77058 
Email: Karina.j.marshallgoebel@nasa.gov  
Phone: 281-792-9996  
Congressional District: 36 
Web:  
Organization Type: NASA CENTER 
Organization Name: NASA Johnson Space Center 
Joint Agency:  
Comments: New affiliation as of spring 2022: NASA Johnson Space Center; Human Physiology, Performance, Protection & Operations (H-3PO) Laboratory New affiliation as of fall 2018: KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory, Houston; previously at Massachusetts General Hospital 
Co-Investigator(s)
Affiliation: 
Laurie, Steven  Ph.D. KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center 
Lee, Stuart  Ph.D. KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center 
Macias, Brandon  Ph.D. KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center 
Ebert, Doug  Ph.D. KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center 
Kramer, Larry  M.D. University of Texas Health Science Center of Houston 
Levine, Benjamin  M.D. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 
Hargens, Alan  Ph.D. University of California San Diego 
Petersen, Lonnie  M.D., Ph.D. University of California San Diego 
Petersen, Casper  M.D. University of California San Diego 
Young, Millenia  Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center  
Project Information: Grant/Contract No. Directed Research 
Responsible Center: NASA JSC 
Grant Monitor: Norsk, Peter  
Center Contact:  
Peter.norsk@nasa.gov 
Unique ID: 13941 
Solicitation / Funding Source: Directed Research 
Grant/Contract No.: Directed Research 
Project Type: GROUND 
Flight Program:  
TechPort: No 
No. of Post Docs:  
No. of PhD Candidates:  
No. of Master's Candidates:  
No. of Bachelor's Candidates:  
No. of PhD Degrees:  
No. of Master's Degrees:  
No. of Bachelor's Degrees:  
Human Research Program Elements: (1) HHC:Human Health Countermeasures
Human Research Program Risks: (1) SANS:Risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS)
Human Research Program Gaps: (1) SANS-301:Develop and test mechanical countermeasures in the laboratory.
Flight Assignment/Project Notes: NOTE: End date changed to 12/5/2020 (from 9/30/2020) per PI (Ed., 7/17/20)

Task Description: NOTE: Continuation of "Venous Congestion Countermeasure Study--PI Stenger" with new Principal Investigator Dr. Karina Marshall-Goebel, beginning February 17, 2020.

The chronic headward fluid shift induced by weightlessness is hypothesized to be the instigating factor for the development of ocular structural and functional changes that develop during long-duration spaceflight. Efforts to determine a possible countermeasure (CM) in ground-based studies have focused on reversing the headward fluid shift using a variety of mechanical approaches, including lower body negative pressure (LBNP), veno-constrictive thigh cuffs (VTC), and reducing intrathoracic pressure during inspiration using an impedence threshold device (ITD). However, a final CM has not been implemented during spaceflight, in part because it is unknown which single or combination of CMs will be most efficacious at reversing the headward fluid shift. Measurements of internal jugular vein cross sectional area and pressure (IJVA and IJVP, respectively) collected on Earth in subjects in the 15° head-down tilt (HDT) position indicate that LBNP, VTC, or ITD partially reverse the headward fluid shift to values similar to the supine position, but no single CM successfully reversed the headward fluid shift during HDT to levels observed during upright posture. Moreover, it is critical to determine how best to provide sustained relief of the headward fluid shift. The purpose of this project is to determine if individual CMs or a combination of CMs can effectively reduce the headward fluid shift induced by supine posture and to determine the effectiveness of prolonged use of a CM during sleep. Specific Aims:

1. Determine if a single or combination of mechanical countermeasures, including LBNP, VTC, and breathing through an ITD, will acutely reverse a seated-to-supine posture headward fluid shift and sustain it for up to 30 min. Outcomes will include noninvasive measures of ICP, IJVA, IJVP, choroid thickness, and intraocular pressure.

2. Determine if the most effective combination of CMs to reverse vascular outcomes in SA#1 also reverses the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) shift by quantifying intraventricular volumes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

3. Determine if up to 8 hours of daily LBNP during sleep can prevent the headward fluid shift-induced changes during 3 days of head-down tilt bedrest.

Research Methods:

Direct intracranial pressure (ICP) measured during parabolic flight [Lawley et al., J Physiol, 595:2115-27, 2017] and preliminary noninvasive measures of ICP collected during long-duration spaceflight (Fluid Shifts Study) suggest ICP during weightlessness is similar to or below the supine position in a 1-g environment; IJVA and IJVP measured during spaceflight are also similar to values measured in the supine posture on Earth. These data suggest use of the supine posture on Earth is a more appropriate posture for CM evaluation so as to not confound their effectiveness due to the hydrostatic column which still exists in ground-based studies.

To accomplish Aim #1 we will evaluate the effectiveness of candidate CMs to reverse the headward fluid shift imposed by moving from the seated to the supine posture. Ten subjects will participate in 3 visits to the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory. Each day subjects will be studied in the seated and supine position (baseline) and in the supine position during and after the application of each CM separately (Day 1: LBNP, TC, ITD, randomized order) or CM combinations (Days 2 and 3: LBNP+TC, LBNP+ITD, VTC+ITD, and LBNP+ITD+VTC.). Each data collection phase is depicted by a series of blocks that indicate the condition. Each phase begins with 5 minutes of stabilization, followed by ocular and vascular ultrasound imaging, IJVP, noninvasive ICP measurements, bilateral IOP measurement, and OCT imaging. All measurements are repeated during each phase.

After application of single CMs, measurements will continue during the 30-min post-CM phase. For combination CMs, the primary CM (LBNP or ITD) is applied for 30 min followed by the secondary CM (VTC, ITD, or VTC+ITD). This will allow us to determine if sequestering fluid in the lower body using an “active” CM, like LBNP, can be maintained using more “passive” methods, such as VTC or ITD. Operationally these “passive” CMs have the advantage of allowing crewmembers to move freely throughout the vehicle and perform other tasks without being restrained by a CM device. Thus, we will determine how best to sustain the effects of the acute application of CMs.

To accomplish Aim 2, co-investigators from the University of California San Diego and UT (University of Texas) Health in Houston will use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the impact of countermeasures employed in Aim 1 have on cerebral spinal fluid volume. Subjects will complete testing in the supine position with and without CMs, and total CSF volume will be quantified.

To accomplish Aim 3, co-investigators at UT Southwestern will develop a LBNP device that can be worn for 8 hours during sleep and test this CM throughout a 3-day bedrest study. Preliminary data demonstrate that 3 days of HDT (without raising the head on a pillow which immediately drains the brain circulation and lowers ICP) leads to thickening of the choroidal area, which we hypothesize may be the precursor to Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). Acute application of 20 mmHg LBNP lowers ICP values towards the upright posture, and daily use of 20 mmHg LBNP for 8 hours while awake prevents the choroidal expansion. Outcome variables for this aim will include choroidal volume, hemodynamic monitoring during sleep, systemic and cerebral hemodynamics using comprehensive ultrasound of the jugular veins, carotid and vertebral arteries, transcranial Doppler, non-invasive cardiac output, and blood and plasma volume. Invasive central venous pressure (PICC line) and IJVP also will be measured for comparison with the non-invasive IJVP techniques used at JSC.

Rationale for HRP Directed Research: Insufficient time for solicitation to meet accelerated schedule of work to understand etiology and develop targeted countermeasures for Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome.

Research Impact/Earth Benefits:

Task Progress & Bibliography Information FY2020 
Task Progress: New project for FY2020.

NOTE (July 2020): Dr. Karina Marshall-Goebel took over as Principal Investigator (PI) from original PI Dr. Michael Stenger, who moved to Research Operations and Integration element in February 2020. For previous reporting, see project with the same title with Dr. Stenger as the PI.

Bibliography: Description: (Last Updated: 10/29/2023) 

Show Cumulative Bibliography
 
 None in FY 2020