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Project Title:  Dynamics of Microbiomes in Space (DynaMoS) Reduce
Images: icon  Fiscal Year: FY 2023 
Division: Space Biology 
Research Discipline/Element:
Space Biology: Microbiology  
Start Date: 02/07/2020  
End Date: 12/31/2023  
Task Last Updated: 11/28/2022 
Download report in PDF pdf
Principal Investigator/Affiliation:   Jansson, Janet  Ph.D. / Battelle Memorial Institute (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 
Address:  Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences 
902 Battelle Blvd, PO Box 999, MSIN J4-18 
Richland , WA 99354-1793 
Email: janet.jansson@pnnl.gov 
Phone: 509-375-3982  
Congressional District:
Web:  
Organization Type: GOVERNMENT 
Organization Name: Battelle Memorial Institute (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 
Joint Agency:  
Comments:  
Co-Investigator(s)
Affiliation: 
Hixson, Kim  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
McClure, Ryan  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Rivas-Ubach, Albert  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Farris, Yuliya  Battelle Memorial Institute 
Key Personnel Changes / Previous PI: June 2023 Update per the PI: Ryan McClure, Ph.D., will coordinate this project, following the retirement of Janet Jansson, Ph.D. (Ed., 6/23/23). December 2021 Report: Christer Jansson, Ph.D. has left the project to meet other commitments due to retirement. Hyun-Seob Song, Ph.D. has left the Department of Energy, so is no longer with the project. Yuliya Farris was added to the project as a technician to process samples. November 2022 Report: Former CoInvestigator Michelle Davison, Ph.D. has left the project to pursue another position. Marci Garcia has joined the project as a technician to process samples.
Project Information: Grant/Contract No. Department of Energy IAA 
Responsible Center: NASA KSC 
Grant Monitor: Freeland, Denise  
Center Contact: 321-867-5878 
Denise.E.Freeland@nasa.gov 
Unique ID: 12730 
Solicitation / Funding Source: 2018 Space Biology (ROSBio) NNH18ZTT001N-FG. App B: Flight and Ground Space Biology Research 
Grant/Contract No.: Department of Energy IAA 
Project Type: FLIGHT,GROUND 
Flight Program: ISS 
No. of Post Docs:
No. of PhD Candidates:
No. of Master's Candidates:
No. of Bachelor's Candidates:
No. of PhD Degrees:
No. of Master's Degrees:
No. of Bachelor's Degrees:
Space Biology Element: (1) Microbiology
Space Biology Cross-Element Discipline: None
Space Biology Special Category: None
Flight Assignment/Project Notes: ISS

NOTE: End date changed to 12/31/2023 per PI (Ed., 6/23/23)

Task Description: We propose to examine the population dynamics and community interactions of naturally co-adapted soil microbial consortia using multi-omics analysis, correlative molecular networking and metagenomics-based metabolic modeling, and compare results between the International Space Station (ISS) and ground control at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). We hypothesize that the selection pressure (altered atmospheric gas composition, microgravity, and increased radiation) imposed by the space station environment will alter both the microbial community population dynamics and the metabolic interactions between specific microbial community members.

Research Impact/Earth Benefits: Soil microorganisms are essential for life on our planet. They carry out key functions, including cycling carbon and other nutrients, and supporting plant growth. On Earth, soil microorganisms exist in communities that coordinate their metabolism to carry out different steps in complex metabolic processes. Our research is focused on a defined consortium of soil microorganisms that carry out steps required for decomposition of chitin--the second most abundant carbon polymer on Earth. It is not known how interspecies interactions may be impacted by the space environment. Therefore, our research will provide beneficial information about how soil microorganisms function in space and if their metabolism is altered when compared to normal conditions on Earth. Knowledge gained will be beneficial for future space missions that aim to achieve life-sustainable conditions that rely on natural processes carried out by soil microorganisms.

Task Progress & Bibliography Information FY2023 
Task Progress: June 2023 Update: NOTE: Continued by "Dynamics of Microbiomes in Space (DynaMoS)" (PI: McClure) due to Dr. Jansson's retirement and departure from the project. Please see the record under PI McClure for subsequent reporting.

The DynaMoS team successfully carried out the Experiment Verification Test (EVT), which was approved, and set up the experiment that was launched to the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS experiment is still ongoing, with an anticipated return to Earth on SpaceX-26 in early January 2023.

The EVT was initiated at NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) during the week of September 20, 2021. The EVT utilized KSC’s ISS Environmental Simulator (ISSES) Chamber with ambient ISS conditions. The EVT consisted of fifty-two 50 ml centrifuge tubes prepared by the Principal Investigator (PI) team with microbial consortium, soil, 3D printed plastic spacers. and cotton. Tubes were capped, wrapped with parafilm, and placed in 4 zip lock bags with 13 tubes/bag and placed in a +4°C refrigerator for 6 days. On day seven, 13 tubes (Day 0 tubes) were placed in a -80°C freezer and the other 33 tubes were placed at ambient. After 28 days, 13 tubes (Day 28 tubes) at ambient were placed in -80°C freezer together with the Day 0 tubes. After 8 weeks from day 0, another set of 13 tubes (Day 56 tubes) were placed in the -80°C freezer. And after 3 months from Day 0, the last set of 13 tubes (Day 90 Tubes) were placed in the -80°C freezer. After 7 days of freezing storage to mimic transport to Earth, all tubes were removed from the -80°C freezer and sent to PNNL for processing. All of the samples were sent to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) while frozen (using a dedicated truck) in January 2022 for omics analyses.

At PNNL, the omics analyses for the EVT were carried out in the Spring of 2022. A Science Readiness for Flight Review (SRFR) was conducted with NASA Biological and Physical Sciences (BPS) on April 1, 2022. A hardware readiness review was conducted on June 5, 2022 to verify the EVT objectives and that the success criteria were met. Based on the SRFR, the DynaMoS project was approved to proceed with launch integration and mission support.

The multi-omics data that were collected from the EVT revealed how the 8 species comprising Model Soil Consortium-2 (MSC-2) interacted during degradation of chitin in sterile soil. A manuscript is in preparation that describes the results of the EVT experiment. The 4 omics datasets were the following over the 4 time points (Day 0, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks) of the experiment: 1) 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence data that were used to monitor population shifts of the 8 species; 2) metatranscriptome sequence data (total RNA) that were used to profile which genes were expressed by the 8 species; 3) metaproteome data (total proteins) that were used to determine which proteins were made by the 8 species; 4) metabolite data (total metabolites) that were used to monitor chitin decomposition products – and other metabolites – in the soil during the incubation. The incubations were carried out with 2 different concentrations of MSC-2 cells (108 and 109 cells per gram). The species representations over time were similar for both cell concentrations in the RNA and protein data. Pearson correlations of the species abundances in the 16S rRNA gene amplicon data revealed positive and negative interactions between the 8 members of the MSC-2 community. All 4 omics datasets revealed that there was a large shift from Day 0 to 4 weeks, and that over time there was continued succession of the different members of the MSC-2 community, RNA expression, protein production, and metabolites.

Together, these data reveal that over time the chitin is degraded by interacting members of the MSC-2 community in soil. The data clearly reveal that different members of MSC-2 carry out different steps in the decomposition of chitin. For example, the Streptomyces sp. is primarily responsible for carrying out the initial conversion of chitin to chitobiose. By contrast, the Sphingopyxis sp. becomes a dominant player at later steps in the chitin decomposition pathway.

The launch to ISS was successfully carried out on SpaceX 25 on July 14, 2022. To prepare the samples for the launch, two sets of DynaMoS personnel traveled to KSC. The first trip was from June 1-8 for the initial planned launch that was scrubbed. The team traveled again to KSC from July 5-12, 2022 to prepare the samples for the July launch date. The team carried out the same protocol as for the EVT above, except that the number of inoculated soil samples were doubled to 104 so that half (52) could be incubated at KSC and the other half (52) on the ISS.

For the ongoing experiment on the ISS, all of the samples have been collected by the crew and placed into cold storage in the Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) while awaiting the January 2023 return to Earth on Space-X 26. All of the ground control samples at KSC have also been collected to coincide with the sampling dates on the ISS. Starting July 17, 2022, on ISS the Day 0 science bag was inserted in to MELFI and the other 3 bags were stowed at ambient in Cargo Transport Bag (CTB). Ground control science bags were also transferred to the -80 freezer and to ISSES chamber 4 in the same order. Bag 2 (4 weeks) was transferred to MELFI on August 15 and Ground Control also transferred to the SSPF freezer. Bag 3 (8 weeks) was moved to MELFI on September 12 and at KSC on the same day. The last samples were collected on October 13, and they are still in cold storage at KSC and on the ISS. Once all samples from the ISS arrive on Earth, they will be shipped together with the ground control samples to PNNL for multi-omics analyses using the same protocols that were validated for the EVT.

Bibliography: Description: (Last Updated: ) 

Show Cumulative Bibliography
 
 None in FY 2023
Project Title:  Dynamics of Microbiomes in Space (DynaMoS) Reduce
Images: icon  Fiscal Year: FY 2022 
Division: Space Biology 
Research Discipline/Element:
Space Biology: Microbiology  
Start Date: 02/07/2020  
End Date: 02/06/2023  
Task Last Updated: 12/06/2021 
Download report in PDF pdf
Principal Investigator/Affiliation:   Jansson, Janet  Ph.D. / Battelle Memorial Institute (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 
Address:  Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences 
902 Battelle Blvd, PO Box 999, MSIN J4-18 
Richland , WA 99354-1793 
Email: janet.jansson@pnnl.gov 
Phone: 509-375-3982  
Congressional District:
Web:  
Organization Type: GOVERNMENT 
Organization Name: Battelle Memorial Institute (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 
Joint Agency:  
Comments:  
Co-Investigator(s)
Affiliation: 
Hixson, Kim  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
McClure, Ryan  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Rivas-Ubach, Albert  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Farris, Yuliya  Battelle Memorial Institute 
Davison, Michelle  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Key Personnel Changes / Previous PI: December 2021 Report: Christer Jansson, Ph.D. has left the project to meet other commitments due to retirement. Hyun-Seob Song, Ph.D. has left the Department of Energy, so is no longer with the project. Yuliya Farris was added to the project as a technician to process samples. Michelle Davison, Ph.D. was added to the project due to her expertise in microbiology.
Project Information: Grant/Contract No. Department of Energy IAA 
Responsible Center: NASA KSC 
Grant Monitor: Freeland, Denise  
Center Contact: 321-867-5878 
Denise.E.Freeland@nasa.gov 
Unique ID: 12730 
Solicitation / Funding Source: 2018 Space Biology (ROSBio) NNH18ZTT001N-FG. App B: Flight and Ground Space Biology Research 
Grant/Contract No.: Department of Energy IAA 
Project Type: FLIGHT,GROUND 
Flight Program: ISS 
No. of Post Docs:  
No. of PhD Candidates:  
No. of Master's Candidates:  
No. of Bachelor's Candidates:  
No. of PhD Degrees:  
No. of Master's Degrees:  
No. of Bachelor's Degrees:  
Space Biology Element: (1) Microbiology
Space Biology Cross-Element Discipline: None
Space Biology Special Category: None
Flight Assignment/Project Notes: ISS

Task Description: We propose to examine the population dynamics and community interactions of naturally co-adapted soil microbial consortia using multi-omics analysis, correlative molecular networking and metagenomics-based metabolic modeling, and compare results between the International Space Station (ISS) and ground control at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). We hypothesize that the selection pressure (altered atmospheric gas composition, microgravity, and increased radiation) imposed by the space station environment will alter both the microbial community population dynamics and the metabolic interactions between specific microbial community members.

Research Impact/Earth Benefits: Soil microorganisms are essential for life on our planet. They carry out key functions, including cycling carbon and other nutrients, and supporting plant growth. On Earth, soil microorganisms exist in communities that coordinate their metabolism to carry out different steps in complex metabolic processes. Our research is focused on a defined consortium of soil microorganisms that carry out steps required for decomposition of chitin--the second most abundant carbon polymer on Earth. It is not known how interspecies interactions may be impacted by the space environment. Therefore, our research will provide beneficial information about how soil microorganisms function in space and if their metabolism is altered when compared to normal conditions on Earth. Knowledge gained will be beneficial for future space missions that aim to achieve life-sustainable conditions that rely on natural processes carried out by soil microorganisms.

Task Progress & Bibliography Information FY2022 
Task Progress: The DynaMoS team successfully carried out the Science Verification Test (SVT) experiments as required prior to approval for the Experiment Verification Test (EVT). The SVT was first initiated on May 17, 2021. The initial SVT had to be repeated because some of the tubes unexpectedly cracked during freezing at -80°C. Also, some of the inserts were hard to remove. Finally, splitting of the frozen soil was difficult to carry out for the different omics analyses. Solutions included substitution of the centrifuge tubes for a different brand that is resistant to cracking at -80°C, and reducing the diameters of the inserts. Lyophilization was tested and found to be adequate for removing water and loosening the soil prior to subsampling for the different omics analyses.

A second SVT was initiated on June 2, 2021 and completed on July 11, 2021. Zero week samples were placed at -80°C on June 4; the 4 week samples were placed at -80°C on July 2. Lyophilization started July 6/7 and metabolomics processing occurred July 10-11. All of our success criteria were achieved during the second SVT. Sufficient cell biomass was collected from the inoculated soil. Sufficient DNA was collected from the inoculated soil, far higher than control (sterile, uninoculated) samples. 16S rRNA genes were sequenced from the DNA. The results indicated that the proportions of cells added to the soil samples were sufficient and that there was good representation of each of the 8 strains that were inoculated into the soil. After 4 weeks of incubation, there were some shifts in abundances of some of the microbes that were inoculated in the soil, indicating that they were active and shifting as anticipated during growth on chitin as a substrate. High quality RNA of sufficient quantity was collected from the inoculated soil and at much higher levels than in control samples. Sufficient protein was collected from the inoculated soil. In most cases, the protein yields were higher than in the control soil. We hypothesize that significant differences in the metaproteome data will emerge when the proteins are analyzed by mass spectrometry during the EVT. Sufficient metabolites were extracted from the soil with large differences between inoculated and control samples, providing evidence of bacterial activity during the incubations. A manuscript is being drafted that contains the results of the SVT experiment.

After review of the success criteria from the SVT, the DynaMoS team was approved to carry out the EVT at the NASA Kennedy Space Center. Two members of the DynaMoS team initiated the EVT at KSC during the week of September 20, 2021. The EVT utilized KSC’s ISS Environmental Simulator (ISSES) Chamber with ambient ISS conditions. The EVT consisted of fifty-two 50 ml centrifuge tubes prepared by the Principal Investigator (PI) team with microbial consortium, soil, 3D-printed plastic spacers, and cotton. Tubes were capped, wrapped with parafilm and placed in 4 zip lock bags with 13 tubes/bag and placed in a +4°C refrigerator for 6 days. On Day 7, 13 tubes (Day 0 tubes) were placed in a -80°C freezer and the other 33 tubes were placed at ambient temperature. After 28 days, 13 tubes (Day 28 tubes) at ambient temperature were placed in the -80°C freezer together with the Day 0 tubes. After 8 weeks from Day 0, another set of 13 tubes (Day 56 tubes) were placed in the -80°C freezer. After 4 months from Day 0, the last set of 13 tubes (Day 120 Tubes) will be placed in the -80°C freezer. After 7 days, all tubes will be removed from the -80°C freezer and sent to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for processing. The last samples (Day 120) are still being incubated at KSC. All of the samples will be sent to PNNL in January 2022 for omics analyses.

A Science Readiness for Flight Review (SRFR) was conducted to verify the EVT objectives and that the success criteria were met. Based on the SRFR, the DynaMoS project was approved to proceed with launch integration and mission support. The anticipated launch date to ISS will be in the Spring of 2022.

Bibliography: Description: (Last Updated: ) 

Show Cumulative Bibliography
 
 None in FY 2022
Project Title:  Dynamics of Microbiomes in Space (DynaMoS) Reduce
Images: icon  Fiscal Year: FY 2021 
Division: Space Biology 
Research Discipline/Element:
Space Biology: Microbiology  
Start Date: 02/07/2020  
End Date: 02/06/2023  
Task Last Updated: 12/10/2020 
Download report in PDF pdf
Principal Investigator/Affiliation:   Jansson, Janet  Ph.D. / Battelle Memorial Institute (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 
Address:  Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences 
902 Battelle Blvd, PO Box 999, MSIN J4-18 
Richland , WA 99354-1793 
Email: janet.jansson@pnnl.gov 
Phone: 509-375-3982  
Congressional District:
Web:  
Organization Type: GOVERNMENT 
Organization Name: Battelle Memorial Institute (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 
Joint Agency:  
Comments:  
Co-Investigator(s)
Affiliation: 
Hixson, Kim  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Jansson, Christer  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
McClure, Ryan  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Rivas-Ubach, Albert  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Song, Hyun-Seob  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Project Information: Grant/Contract No. Department of Energy IAA 
Responsible Center: NASA KSC 
Grant Monitor: Freeland, Denise  
Center Contact: 321-867-5878 
Denise.E.Freeland@nasa.gov 
Unique ID: 12730 
Solicitation / Funding Source: 2018 Space Biology (ROSBio) NNH18ZTT001N-FG. App B: Flight and Ground Space Biology Research 
Grant/Contract No.: Department of Energy IAA 
Project Type: FLIGHT,GROUND 
Flight Program:  
No. of Post Docs:  
No. of PhD Candidates:  
No. of Master's Candidates:  
No. of Bachelor's Candidates:  
No. of PhD Degrees:  
No. of Master's Degrees:  
No. of Bachelor's Degrees:  
Space Biology Element: (1) Microbiology
Space Biology Cross-Element Discipline: None
Space Biology Special Category: None
Task Description: We propose to examine the population dynamics and community interactions of naturally co-adapted soil microbial consortia using multi-omics analysis, correlative molecular networking and metagenomics-based metabolic modeling, and compare results between the International Space Station (ISS) and ground control at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). We hypothesize that the selection pressure (altered atmospheric gas composition, microgravity, and increased radiation) imposed by the space-station environment will alter both the microbial community population dynamics and the metabolic interactions between specific microbial community members.

Research Impact/Earth Benefits: Soil microorganisms are essential for life on our planet. They carry out key functions including cycling of carbon and other nutrients and support of plant growth. On Earth soil microorganisms exist in communities that coordinate their metabolism to carry out different steps in complex metabolic processes. Our research is focused on a defined consortium of soil microorganisms that carry out steps required for decomposition of chitin--the second most abundant carbon polymer on Earth. It is not known how interspecies interactions may be impacted by the space environment. Therefore, our research will provide beneficial information about how soil microorganisms function in space and if their metabolism is altered when compared to normal conditions on Earth. Knowledge gained will be beneficial for future space missions that aim to achieve life-sustainable conditions that rely on natural processes carried out by soil microorganisms.

Task Progress & Bibliography Information FY2021 
Task Progress: The "Dynamics of Microbiomes in Space (DynaMoS)" project aims to test the hypothesis that communities of soil microorganisms will behave differently in space due to microgravity and other conditions on the International Space Station (ISS) compared to Earth. To test this hypothesis the DynaMoS team is leveraging complementary skills in microbial ecology, multi-omics, and modeling to compare soil microbial community interactions on ISS and ground control at Kennedy Space Center (KSC).

During this first year of funding, the team has developed the experimental protocol that will be tested prior to space flight. The experimental protocol consists of several steps. First, a defined community of soil microorganisms has been characterized that will be the inoculum for the DynaMoS experiments. The community consists of nine soil microorganisms that were co-enriched to grow on chitin as the sole carbon substrate. Through the process of enrichment, the resulting consortium, Model Soil Consortium-2 (MSC-2), developed metabolic interdependencies between species to enable growth on the complex chitin substrate. We have confirmed that several of these species are able to grow using chitin as the soil source of carbon and that this community is active within a soil system, making it ideal for our proposed experiments. The growth and final density of strains was characterized under a variety of preincubation conditions (for example: +/- chitin) at different temperatures to determine the optimum conditions to achieve the required cell volume and to retain cell viability as required for inoculation into sterile soil. We also sequenced all of the genomes of MSC-2 and made genome models of each to predict the metabolic potential of each community member, providing a wealth of data to draw from as we better understand species’ responses under ISS or ground conditions. We have begun to examine specific species interactions in more detail within MSC-2 and have found that when pairs of species from this consortium are co-incubated together with chitin they grow better than when cultivated separately. Determining the interactions that drive this improved co-cultivation will require transcriptional analysis of each species to reveal which genes they are expressing when co-cultivated. To that end we have developed approaches that allowed us to successfully isolate high-quality DNA, RNA, metabolites, and proteins from species cultivated in soil. When applied to our future space and ground experiments this success will lead to data showing which species shift their abundance in soil with chitin under ISS and ground conditions and which genes they express, detailing interaction mechanisms between species in these environments.

The complete bacterial consortium was assayed for pathogenicity in a mammalian cell culture workflow, and no indicators of pathogenicity were detected. We are currently testing each individual isolate as well.

Bibliography: Description: (Last Updated: ) 

Show Cumulative Bibliography
 
 None in FY 2021
Project Title:  Dynamics of Microbiomes in Space (DynaMoS) Reduce
Images: icon  Fiscal Year: FY 2020 
Division: Space Biology 
Research Discipline/Element:
Space Biology: Microbiology  
Start Date: 02/07/2020  
End Date: 02/06/2023  
Task Last Updated: 03/09/2020 
Download report in PDF pdf
Principal Investigator/Affiliation:   Jansson, Janet  Ph.D. / Battelle Memorial Institute (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 
Address:  Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences 
902 Battelle Blvd, PO Box 999, MSIN J4-18 
Richland , WA 99354-1793 
Email: janet.jansson@pnnl.gov 
Phone: 509-375-3982  
Congressional District:
Web:  
Organization Type: GOVERNMENT 
Organization Name: Battelle Memorial Institute (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 
Joint Agency:  
Comments:  
Co-Investigator(s)
Affiliation: 
Hixson, Kim  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Jansson, Christer  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
McClure, Ryan  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Rivas-Ubach, Albert  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Song, Hyun-Seob  Ph.D. Battelle Memorial Institute 
Project Information: Grant/Contract No. Department of Energy IAA 
Responsible Center: NASA KSC 
Grant Monitor: Freeland, Denise  
Center Contact: 321-867-5878 
Denise.E.Freeland@nasa.gov 
Unique ID: 12730 
Solicitation / Funding Source: 2018 Space Biology (ROSBio) NNH18ZTT001N-FG. App B: Flight and Ground Space Biology Research 
Grant/Contract No.: Department of Energy IAA 
Project Type: FLIGHT,GROUND 
Flight Program:  
No. of Post Docs:  
No. of PhD Candidates:  
No. of Master's Candidates:  
No. of Bachelor's Candidates:  
No. of PhD Degrees:  
No. of Master's Degrees:  
No. of Bachelor's Degrees:  
Space Biology Element: (1) Microbiology
Space Biology Cross-Element Discipline: None
Space Biology Special Category: None
Task Description: We propose to examine the population dynamics and community interactions of naturally co-adapted soil microbial consortia using multi-omics analysis, correlative molecular networking and metagenomics-based metabolic modeling, and compare results between the International Space Station (ISS) and ground control at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). We hypothesize that the selection pressure (altered atmospheric gas composition, microgravity, and increased radiation) imposed by the space-station environment will alter both the microbial community population dynamics and the metabolic interactions between specific microbial community members.

Research Impact/Earth Benefits:

Task Progress & Bibliography Information FY2020 
Task Progress: New project for FY2020.

Bibliography: Description: (Last Updated: ) 

Show Cumulative Bibliography
 
 None in FY 2020