A key design challenge for future long-duration exploration missions is determining the appropriate volume of a spacecraft/habitat to accommodate habitability functions and ensure optimal crew health, performance, and safety. Because spacecraft/habitat volume directly drives mass and cost, this information is needed early in the design process. This proposal is in response to the NASA Research Announcement (NRA) NNJ13ZSA002N A.2.i: Computational Modeling and Simulation for Habitat/Vehicle Design and Assessment, and it addresses the Human Research Program (HRP) Program Requirements Document (PRD) Risk of Incompatible Vehicle/Habitat Design. The objective of this proposal is to develop a constraint-driven, optimization-based model that can be used to estimate and evaluate spacecraft/habitat volume. The computational model development will be completed through four Specific Aims: Estimate spacecraft/habitat volume based on mission parameters and constraints, provide layout assumptions for a given volume, assess volumes based on a set of performance metrics, and inform risk characteristics associated with a volume.

To accomplish this, the proposed team has been structured to leverage expertise from diverse fields, including architecture and habitation design, human factors engineering, industrial engineering, optimization-based modeling, and simulation. The proposed work will also leverage technical products developed from the HRP-hosted 2012 Habitable Volume Workshop, as well as work performed in the follow-on exploratory project in 2013, including critical task volume estimations and input/output definitions for the computational model. Lessons learned from the development of the Integrated Medical Model (IMM) developed by the Exploration Medical Capability Element (ExMC) of the HRP will also be applied to the proposed work -- lessons ranging from model development approach to compliance with NASA STD 7009, Standard for Models and Simulation. Model validation and verification will be a continuous process occurring throughout model development. The guidelines of NASA-STD-7009 will be followed in establishing parameters and vetting the credibility of the model at all stages of development. The outcome of the proposed work will directly answer to HRP’s Risk of Incompatible Vehicle/Habitat Design and the associated Space Human Factors Engineering (SHFE) SHFE-HAB-09 Gap on technologies, tools, and methods for data collection, modeling, and analysis for design and assessment of vehicles/habitats. A computational model for spacecraft/habitat volume will be an invaluable tool for designers, mission planners, integrators, and evaluators who are shaping space habitats and working toward a truly habitable environment for future long-duration exploration missions.

Refinements were made to the Critical Task Volume Database in Year 3. Revision 3 of the database was released on 3/7/2018. Additional volume data were collected in the areas of Exercise, Recreation, Food Preparation, EVA Suit Don/Doff/Stowage & Maintenance, Mission-Specific Onboard Research, and Hatch Ingress/Egress.

SOLV was using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) surveys to collect subject matter expert (SME) opinions and judgments to establish a factor weighting and scoring system in order to drive the model logic for evaluating layout performance. Year 3 saw the completion of all three phases of data collection and analysis. These phases are:

• Factor Priority Survey

• Interactions Effect Survey

• Manual Layout Evaluation Survey

The Factor Priority Survey completed data collection and analysis in July 2017. 21 SMEs including 4 astronauts participated in the surveys, generating 39 AHP responses for analysis. The Interactions Effect Survey completed data collection and analysis in August 2017. 15 SMEs including 2 astronauts participated, generating 22 AHP responses for analysis. The Manual Layout Evaluation Survey completed data collection and analysis in November 2017. 13 SMEs including 2 astronauts participated, generating 78 AHP responses for analysis.

Five major SME groups were identified for participation in the AHP surveys: • Human Factors (SF3/HRP SMEs and Researchers); • Behavioral Health and Performance (Senior Research Scientists); • Medical (Flight Surgeons, Researchers); • Subsystem Integration (Space Architects, ISS Subsystem Leads, Exploration/CCP Integrators); • Flight Operations (Crew Systems, Astronauts)

Participants from each SME group were instructed to perform pairwise comparisons for one or more performance metrics that are within their area of expertise:

• Human Factor SMEs answered surveys for the Task Performance and Health and Well-Being metrics.

• Behavioral Health and Performance SMEs answered surveys for the Task Performance and Health and Well-Being metrics.

• Medical SMEs answered surveys for the Health and Well-Being and Safety metrics.

• Subsystem Integration SMEs answered surveys for the Vehicle Integration metric.

• Flight Operations SMEs answered surveys for all four metrics: Task Performance, Health and Well-Being, Vehicle Integration and Safety.

From the Factor Priority Survey, the team was able to identify the six top design factors believed to have the greatest impact to the “goodness” of a layout. From the Interactions Effect Survey, the team used the analysis results to inform the Choquet Integral calculations and build SOLV logic for layout evaluation. From the Manual Layout Evaluation Survey, the team performed data calibration and Canonical Correlation Analysis to establish a numerical relationship between the physical data of sample packing layouts and the psychophysical data on design goodness, in order to build a model response surface for future layout performance evaluation.

In Year 3, the team completed code development for each of the SOLV modules:

• Gradient Cuboid Module - Converts task volume inputs into gradient cuboids with overlap allowable.

• Overlap Packing Module - Generates layouts of the gradient cuboids based on SOLV variables and constraints.

• Evaluation Module – Establishes the model weighting system and the model response surface via Canonical Correlation Analysis (CANCORR), and contains hard-codes of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Choquet Integral (CI) functions that establish the model scoring system for layout evaluation.

• Scorecard Module – An assessment report or “scorecard” that provides performance scores and design information for every volume and layout solution generated by SOLV. This enables the user to compare options and choose the best starting point for design.

• Driver Code - Additional code and scripts that integrate the modules to enable smooth model functions from user input to scorecard output.

The team also completed verification testing of SOLV in Year 3. Verification of model computations was formally assessed at the module level. There were two parts to the verification testing: • Model Verification – Model was verified that it had been implemented to meet our key driving requirements. • Code Verification - Model computations at the module level were verified via incremental testing to ensure that mathematical operations do not result in significant numerical errors.

The team derived from the SOLV Key Driving Requirements a set of functional test requirements each SOLV module must satisfy. The team also identified the required test steps to verify each test requirement. The level of testing was adjusted to the credibility goals defined per NASA-STD-7009A Standard for Models and Simulations. Both the test plans, requirements, and results were vetted through multiple team reviews. A common documentation format was developed to capture the test results. Verification testing was completed in the 2017-2018 time frame: • GC Module: 10/31/2017; • Overlap Packing Module: 12/19/2017; • Evaluation Module: 3/2/2018; • Scorecard and Driver Code: 2/23/2018.

As part of the 7009A compliance, the team also completed preliminary uncertainty characterization and results robustness analysis. The project identified and tested 54 cases that were representative of the range of SOLV inputs, and generated estimates for the sensitivity of the total task volume and the layout score. These estimates helped describe conditions for which slight perturbations in the input could affect results from SOLV.

The Spacecraft Optimization Layout and Volume (SOLV) project successfully conducted the Final Design Review (FDR) on 3/7/2018. SOLV achieved this project milestone on schedule, meeting all its objectives. A compliance assessment performed by the SOLV team indicated that the prototype model meets the established goals in credibility factors such as verification, validation, data pedigree, uncertainty characterization, and results robustness, as defined by NASA-STD-7009A. The team also provided an outbrief and a model demonstration to the HRP/HFBP (Human Factors and Behavioral Performance) and HHP/SF management at the conclusion of the final design review (FDR). Tasks completed following the FDR included project document development, analysis wrap-up, and utilization and delivery planning. On May 31, 2018, SOLV plans to deliver its products in fulfillment of the grant requirements. These products include the SOLV model and associated software files, and seven project documents capturing the project’s technical approach, verification and validation plans, test results, software specification, and development plans.

A key design challenge for future long-duration exploration missions is determining the appropriate volume of a spacecraft/habitat to accommodate habitability functions and ensure optimal crew health, performance, and safety. Because spacecraft/habitat volume directly drives mass and cost, this information is needed early in the design process. This proposal is in response to the NASA Research Announcement (NRA) NNJ13ZSA002N A.2.i: Computational Modeling and Simulation for Habitat/Vehicle Design and Assessment, and it addresses the Human Research Program (HRP) Program Requirements Document (PRD) Risk of Incompatible Vehicle/Habitat Design. The objective of this proposal is to develop a constraint-driven, optimization-based model that can be used to estimate and evaluate spacecraft/habitat volume. The computational model development will be completed through four Specific Aims: Estimate spacecraft/habitat volume based on mission parameters and constraints, provide layout assumptions for a given volume, assess volumes based on a set of performance metrics, and inform risk characteristics associated with a volume. To accomplish this, the proposed team has been structured to leverage expertise from diverse fields, including architecture and habitation design, human factors engineering, industrial engineering, optimization-based modeling, and simulation. The proposed work will also leverage technical products developed from the HRP-hosted 2012 Habitable Volume Workshop, as well as work performed in the follow-on exploratory project in 2013, including critical task volume estimations and input/output definitions for the computational model. Lessons learned from the development of the Integrated Medical Model (IMM) developed by the Exploration Medical Capability Element (ExMC) of the HRP will also be applied to the proposed work -- lessons ranging from model development approach to compliance with NASA STD 7009, Standard for Models and Simulation. Model validation and verification will be a continuous process occurring throughout model development. The guidelines of NASA-STD-7009 will be followed in establishing parameters and vetting the credibility of the model at all stages of development. The outcome of the proposed work will directly answer to HRP’s Risk of Incompatible Vehicle/Habitat Design and the associated Space Human Factors Engineering (SHFE) SHFE-HAB-09 Gap on technologies, tools, and methods for data collection, modeling, and analysis for design and assessment of vehicles/habitats. A computational model for spacecraft/habitat volume will be an invaluable tool for designers, mission planners, integrators, and evaluators who are shaping space habitats and working toward a truly habitable environment for future long-duration exploration missions.

NOTE: Continues "Computational Model for Spacecraft/Habitat Volume (Spacecraft Optimization Layout and Volume (SOLV))" with PI Dr. Sherry Thaxton due to Dr. Thaxton's move to Human Factors & Behavioral Performance Deputy Element Scientist, as of 2/5/2017. See that project for previous reporting.